健康百科｜一般人该做哪项身体健康检查？
提起健康检查，大多数人都会想方设法推迟或完全避免，宁愿不知道真相，甚至会觉得健康检查浪费时间和金钱。身兼多重身分的女性更是忙于满足各种需求，却往往忽略关注自己的健康。
马来西亚国际医药大学（IMU）医学院妇产科系主管兼国际医药护理中心妇产科医生慕拉利（Dr. Muralitharan Ganesalingam）强调，逃避健康检查是错误的观念：“筛查检测的目的是，在身体变化变得难以控制之前，及早揪出问题。通过这种方式，就有机会调整生活方式，并远离某些特定疾病。每个人的身体都会经历自然衰老过程，而我们的目标是，以健康方式衰老。一般来说，年龄介于19~24岁之间女性，被认为处于健康巅峰期。25岁开始，脂肪就会开始堆积（尤其是臀部、大腿和腹部），肌肉质量也会逐渐恶化。从35岁开始，女性骨质会以每年0.5~1%的速度流失。因此，健康检查不是等到身体出问题才需要考虑，而是应该在身体仍然健康时，就采取积极措施，及早防范未来健康问题！”
做出正确选择
“家族病史和生活方式等因素会增加人们出现某些健康问题的风险。这些可能需要更频繁筛查的风险因素，包括年龄增长、家族病史、压力大，以及吸烟、饮酒和拥有多个性伴侣等生活习惯。生活习惯的影响会在人们未来生活中显现出来，而长期性压力，无论是来自工作、家庭还是财务状况，都会对健康造成巨大威胁。因此，人们应该认真看待健康检查这件事，但也应谨慎选择，毕竟不必要的检查可能会导致焦虑。任何筛查检测只有在必要时，才具有意义，并且可以改善人们的健康状况。”
慕拉利医生建议，人们在成年早期开始每年做一次健康检查（比如开始进入职场工作时），并在45岁后，每年做两次健康筛查。
无论如何，慕拉利医生认为，人们应该与自己定期会诊的医生，讨论个人健康问题，再根据年龄、生活方式和家族病史，选择有筛查意义的健康检查项目。
■妇产科医生慕拉利呼吁，民众应定期做健康检查，及早揪出问题，以防患于未然。
慕拉利：该做哪些项目？
这么多不同类型检测，应该优先考虑哪些项目呢？慕拉利医生建议，一般民众（无论男女）可从以下几个方面着手，女性方面则增加考虑妇科相关检查项目。
◆测量血压：检查是否患有高血压。这种疾病被称为无声杀手，因为此疾病的发展没有明显症状，每10个大马人就有1人受影响（约640万人），而且也会增加中风和心脏病发作的风险。
◆血细胞计数：检测是否存在贫血等状况。平均而言，年龄介于15~49岁女性，每10人就有3人患有贫血。贫血可能导致怀孕期间的并发症，例如流产和早产。
◆血糖检测：检查是否患有糖尿病。我国大约有五分之一成年人患有糖尿病，相等于390万名成年人。
◆身体质量指数（BMI）：用于监测体重增加，并帮助预防肥胖。国家统计数据显示，我国每2个成年人中就有1人超重或肥胖，每2人中有1人属于腹部肥胖，其中女性在上述两种情况中，分别占54.7%和64.8%。
◆血脂检测：可检查胆固醇水平是否偏高，胆固醇水平可能导致心脏病。数据显示，每10个大马人就有4人（约800万人）胆固醇水平偏高，其中女性的胆固醇水平可能高于男性。然而，每4人中就有1人不知道自己患有高胆固醇。
◆肾功能和肝脏功能检测：每10个大马人就有1人患有慢性肾脏病，而糖尿病是重要的风险因素之一。
◆骨矿物质密度扫描：这项检查也称为骨密度检测，主要用于检测骨质疏松症。由于骨矿物质密度会随着年龄增长而降低，从而提高骨折风险，因此年龄50岁及以上的绝经后女性，都应该接受骨矿物质密度扫描。根据马来西亚的相关指南显示，年龄65岁及以上的老年人（无论男女）每年应该至少做一次骨密度检查。
◆妇科相关检查项目：子宫颈抹片检查和乳癌筛查。子宫颈抹片检查涉及从子宫颈取出少量组织样本，检查是否存在可能是子宫颈癌前兆的异常或变化。乳癌早期发现是高度可治疗的，因此女性必须保持自律定期检查乳房，每年再由医生做一次检查。医生会根据个别情况，建议是否需要做乳房X光检查。
◆其他：如眼科检查、听力测试和牙科检查。
最新统计数据显示，每20名女性就有1 人会患上乳癌，每天至少有9人死于乳癌。子宫颈癌过去也曾是女性主要癌症之一，全球每年新增50万病例，死亡人数25万。随着世界各国通过子宫颈抹片检查，制定了有效筛查计划，目前已能大幅降低子宫颈癌的发病率，成为控制癌症方面最重大的进展之一。然而，我国统计数据发现，仍有二分之一年龄18岁及以上女性没有做乳房自我检查，只有四分之一年龄40岁以上的女性曾做过乳房X光检查，以及仅有45%大马女性曾经做过子宫颈抹片检查。因此，慕拉利医生强烈鼓励，女性应该在自己的健康检查项目中，添加子宫颈癌和乳癌的相关检查项目。
资料来源：IMU
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